Contributive Factors of Tolerance among Senior High School Students
Abstract
Abstract: This article aims to explore the contributing factors of tolerance in senior high school students. This research covers the concept of tolerance theory and aspects that contribute to tolerance. The study was carried out using a cross-sectional survey method with a quantitative approach. The population in this study were high school students in the city of Bandung, Indonesia. The research sample was taken using a random sampling technique. The research sample consisted of 300 high school, vocational high school, and Madrasah Aliyah students in the city of Bandung. Data collection was completed using tolerance instruments, and data analysis used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results of this study indicate that the greatest contributing aspect to the tolerance of senior high school students in Bandung was the aspect of peace. Meanwhile, the lowest contribution was observed in the aspect of equality. The peace aspect consists of indicators of caring, fearlessness, and love. The results of this study can be used as material and consideration for further research to develop a model or program of guidance and counseling services empirically designed to develop tolerance.
Abstrak: Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi analisis faktor-faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap toleransi pada siswa sekolah lanjutan tingkat atas (SLTA). Ruang lingkup penelitian ini mencakup konsep teori toleransi dan aspek yang memberikan kontribusi pada toleransi. Metode yang digunakan ialah metode cross-sectional survey dengan pendekatan Kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini ialah siswa SLTA di Kota Bandung. Pengambilan sampel penelitian menggunakan teknik random sampling. Adapun Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 300 siswa sekolah menengah atas, sekolah menengah kejuruan dan madrasah aliyah di Kota Bandung. Pengumpulan data menggunakan instrumen toleransi. Analisis data menggunakan confirmatory factor analysys (CFA). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan aspek yang memberikan kontribusi terbesar pada toleransi siswa SLTA di Kota Bandung ialah aspek kedamaian. Sedangkan aspek yang memberikan kontribusi terendah ialah aspek kesetaraan. Aspek kedamaian terdiri dari indikator kepedulian, ketidaktakutan, dan cinta. Hasil penelitian ini dapat menjadi bahan dan pertimbangan bagi penelitian selanjutnya untuk pengembangan model atau program layanan bimbingan dan konseling yang secara empirik untuk mengembangkan toleransi.
References
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Dulabaum, N. L. (2011). A pedagogy for global understanding — Intercultural dialogue: From theory to practice. Policy Futures in Education, 9(1), 104–108. doi: 10.2304/pfie.2011.9.1.104
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Galeotti, A. E. (2015). The range of toleration. Philosophy & Social Criticism, 41(2), 93–110. doi: 10.1177/0191453714559424
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Guinote, A., Cotzia, I., Sandhu, S., & Siwa, P. (2015). Social status modulates prosocial behavior and egalitarianism in preschool children and adults. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(3), 731–736. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1414550112
Hermawati, R., Paskarina, C., & Runiawati, N. (2017). Toleransi antar umat beragama di kota Bandung. Umbara, 1(2), 105–124. doi: 10.24198/umbara.v1i2.10341
Hjerm, M., Eger, M. A., Bohman, A., & Fors Connolly, F. (2020). A new approach to the study of tolerance: Conceptualizing and measuring acceptance, respect, and appreciation of difference. Social Indicators Research, 147(3), 897–919. doi: 10.1007/s11205-019-02176-y
Kamen, H. (1967). The rise of toleration. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Kanišauskas, S. (2010). Tolerance boundaries and cultural egalitarianism. Creativity Studies, 3(1), 67–79. doi: 10.3846/limes.2010.07
Kartadinata, S. (2015). Pendidikan kedamaian. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.
Kartadinata, S. (2018). Education in the industry 4.0 era: Building a culture of peace. International Conference on Economics, Business, Entrepreneurship & Finance.
Koriakina, A. A. (2019). The problem of ethnic tolerance development among students. Educational Process: International Journal, 8(1), 85–90. doi: 10.22521/edupij.2019.81.6
Köşker, N., & Özgen, N. (2018). Multiculturality concept and its reflections on education: The case of turkey. Review of International Geographical Education Online, 8(3), 571–600. doi: 10.33403/rigeo.505278
Madhakomala, R., & Anwar, J. (2017). Learning life balance: A study to regain mental peace and mental health of senior high students. IJER - Indonesian Journal of Educational Review, 4(1), 31–43. doi: 10.21009/IJER.04.01.04
Okafor, N. (2016). Culture of peace and care for the planet earth as predictors of students’ understanding of chemistry concepts. International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 8(1), 36–53.
Orekhovskaya, N., Tyurikov, A., Razov, P., Kibakin, M., & Kiseleva, N. (2017). Student youth tolerance as a factor of socio-cultural integration. Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 12(7b), 1283–1289. doi: 10.12973/ejac.2017.00254a
Oztabak, M. U. (2020). Refugee children’s drawings: Reflections of migration and war. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 6(2), 481–495. doi: 10.12973/ijem.6.2.481
Parker, L. (2014). Religious education for peaceful coexistence in indonesia? South East Asia Research, 22(4), 487–504. doi: 10.5367/sear.2014.0231
Parmar, R. M. (2014). Role of teacher for peace education. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 1(2). doi: 10.25215/0102.004
Pasamonk, B. (2004). The paradoxes of tolerance. The Social Studies, 95(5), 206–210. doi: 10.3200/TSSS.95.5.206-210
Plaut, V. C. (2010). Diversity science: Why and how difference makes a difference. Psychological Inquiry, 21(2), 77–99. doi: 10.1080/10478401003676501
Purgason, L. L., Boyles, J., & Greene, C. (2019). Teaching technology and tolerance in tandem: Culturally responsive classroom guidance interventions. Journal of School Counseling, 17(23), n23.
Rabinowitz, J. L., Wittig, M. A., von Braun, M., Franke, R., & Zander-Music, L. (2005). Understanding the relationship between egalitarianism and affective bias: Avenues to reducing prejudice among adolescents. Journal of Social Issues, 61(3), 525–545. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00419.x
Redekop, P. (2013). Personal peacefulness: Psychological perspectives. Peace Research, 45(2), 124–125.
Safina, R. N., & Abdurakhmanov, M. A. (2016). The formation of students’ tolerance in a multi-ethnic school. International Journal of Environmental & Science Education, 11(3), 269–277. doi: 10.12973/ijese.2016.310a
Saputra, W. N. E., Nurani, W., & Fauziah, M. (2021). Developing a peace guidance book to alleviate student aggressiveness. Jurnal Kajian Bimbingan dan Konseling, 6(2), 71–79. doi: 10.17977/um001v6i22021p071-079
Saputra, W. N. E., Supriyanto, A., Astuti, B., Ayriza, Y., & Adiputra, S. (2020). The effect of student perception of negative school climate on poor academic performance of students in Indonesia. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 19(2), 279–291. doi: 10.26803/ijlter.19.2.17
Sarkar, S. R. (2017). Peace education: A pedagogical emergent for student wellbeing. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management. doi: 10.18535/ijsrm/v5i3.06
Schweitzer, F. (2007). Religious individualization: New challenges to education for tolerance. British Journal of Religious Education, 29(1), 89–100. doi: 10.1080/01416200601037551
Septian, M. R., & Budiman, A. (2021). Tolerance in madrasah students based on religious organization affiliates. JOMSIGN: Journal of Multicultural Studies in Guidance and Counseling, 5(2), 43–61. doi: 10.17509/jomsign.v5i2.35063
Serin, H. (2017). Teaching about respect and tolerance with presentations on cultural values. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 3(4), 174–176. doi: 10.23918/ijsses.v3i4p174
Shajhelislamov, R. F., Sharifzyanova, K. S., & Shtreter, J. N. (2014). Designing the individual educational path for professional development of teachers. Life Science Journal, 11(9s), 355–359.
Sims, G. K., Nelson, L. L., & Puopolo, M. R. (2014). Introduction to personal peacefulness: Psychological perspectives. In G. K. Sims, L. L. Nelson, & M. R. Puopolo (Eds.), Personal Peacefulness (pp. 1–6). doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9366-2_1
Sudirman, S. (2019). The 21st-century teacher: Teacher’s competence within the character education framework towards a cultural-oriented development and promoting tolerance. International Education Studies, 12(8), 21. doi: 10.5539/ies.v12n8p21
Supriyanto, A., & Wahyudi, A. (2017). Skala karakter toleransi: konsep dan operasional aspek kedamaian, menghargai perbedaan dan kesadaran individu. Counsellia: Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling, 7(2), 61–70. doi: 10.25273/counsellia.v7i2.1710
Talib, A. T., & Gill, S. S. (2012). Socio-religious tolerance: exploring the Malaysian experience. Global Journal of Human Social Science, 12(8), 49–54.
Tanyel, S. S., & Kıralp, F. S. Ş. (2021). Tolerance for sustainable peace culture in a divided society: The effect of peace education on tolerance tendency and human values. Social Indicators Research, 156(1), 223–246. doi: 10.1007/s11205-021-02630-w
Tumanggor, R. O., & Mularsih, H. (2020). Development of an intervention module on increasing tolerance for adolescents. Proceedings of the 2nd Tarumanagara International Conference on the Applications of Social Sciences and Humanities (TICASH 2020), 416–421. Paris, France: Atlantis Press. doi: 10.2991/assehr.k.201209.064
UNESCO. (1995). Declaration of tolerance.
Vanderhaar, G. (2013). Active nonviolence: A way of personal peace. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
Verbitsky, A. A., Berezhnaya, I. F., Iliazova, M. D., & Ainalieva, A. R. (2019). Forein students education: Tolerance and mosaicity structure of international groups. PCSF 2019 - 9th PCSF Professional Сulture of the Specialist of the Future, 494–507. doi: 10.15405/epsbs.2019.12.53
Verkuyten, M., Yogeeswaran, K., & Adelman, L. (2020). The negative implications of being tolerated: Tolerance from the target’s perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(3), 544–561. doi: 10.1177/1745691619897974
Vogt, W. P. (1997). Tolerance and education: Learning to live with diversity and difference. Sage Publications, Inc.
Walzer, M. (1997). On toleration castle lectures in ethics, politics, and economics. Yale University Press.
Witenberg, R. T. (2019). The psychology of tolerance. Singapore: Springer Singapore. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-3789-5
Aboud, F. E. (1988). Children and prejudice. B. Blackwell.
Ahmad, K. I., & Amin, B. (2018). The role of cross-cultural counselling in efforts to improve the tolerance of Tionghoa ethnic students. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Creativity, Innovation and Technology in Education (IC-CITE 2018), 124–128. Paris, France: Atlantis Press. doi: 10.2991/iccite-18.2018.28
Allport, G. W., Clark, K., & Pettigrew, T. (1954). The nature of prejudice.
Almås, I., Cappelen, A. W., Sørensen, E. Ø., & Tungodden, B. (2010). Fairness and the development of inequality acceptance. Science, 328(5982), 1176–1178. doi: 10.1126/science.1187300
American School Counselor Association. (2012). ASCA National Model: A framework for school counseling programs. American School Counselor Association.
Asal, U. Y. (2013). Yüzyılda sürdürülebilir barış için küresel stratejiler. Istanbul Ticaret University The Journal of Social Science, 12(23), 1–14.
Aydin, H. (2013). Educational reform in Nigeria: The case of multicultural education for peace, love, and tolerance. South African Journal of Education, 33(1), 1–19.
Balint, P. A. (2010). Avoiding an intolerant society: Why respect of difference may not be the best approach. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 42(1), 129–141. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-5812.2008.00470.x
Blum, L. (1999). Shared values and particular identities in anti-racist education. Philosophy of Education Archive, 70–77.
Bradshaw, C. P., Waasdorp, T. E., Debnam, K. J., & Johnson, S. L. (2014). Measuring school climate in high schools: A focus on safety, engagement, and the environment. Journal of School Health, 84(9), 593–604. doi: 10.1111/josh.12186
Chistolini, S. (2017). Education and the paradigm of tolerance. The European Journal of Educational Sciences, 04(01), 42–52. doi: 10.19044/ejes.v4no1a42
Christopher, D. H., & Taylor, M. J. (2011). Social justice and critical peace education: Common ideals guiding student teacher transformation. Journal of Peace Education, 8(3), 295–313. doi: 10.1080/17400201.2011.621358
Coleman, P. T., & Deutsch, M. (2012). Psychological components of sustainable peace. Springer Science & Business Media.
Cremin, H., & Bevington, T. (2017). Positive peace in schools: Tackling conflict and creating a culture of peace in the classroom. Taylor & Francis.
Creswell, J. W. (2018). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative. Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Dulabaum, N. L. (2011). A pedagogy for global understanding — Intercultural dialogue: From theory to practice. Policy Futures in Education, 9(1), 104–108. doi: 10.2304/pfie.2011.9.1.104
Galeotti, A. E. (2001). Do we need toleration as a moral virtue? Res Publica, 7(3), 273–292. doi: 10.1023/A:1012217012310
Galeotti, A. E. (2015). The range of toleration. Philosophy & Social Criticism, 41(2), 93–110. doi: 10.1177/0191453714559424
Galtung, J. (1996). Peace by peaceful means: Peace and conflict, development and civilization. 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: 10.4135/9781446221631
Grossen, M., & Muller Mirza, N. (2020). Talking about cultural diversity at school: dialogical tensions and obstacles to secondarisation. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 35(2), 243–264. doi: 10.1007/s10212-019-00442-8
Grossman, A. N., Nomikos, W. G., & Siddiqui, N. A. (2022). Can appeals for peace promote tolerance and mitigate support for extremism? Evidence from an experiment with adolescents in Burkina Faso. Journal of Experimental Political Science, 1–13. doi: DOI: 10.1017/XPS.2022.1
Guinote, A., Cotzia, I., Sandhu, S., & Siwa, P. (2015). Social status modulates prosocial behavior and egalitarianism in preschool children and adults. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(3), 731–736. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1414550112
Hermawati, R., Paskarina, C., & Runiawati, N. (2017). Toleransi antar umat beragama di kota Bandung. Umbara, 1(2), 105–124. doi: 10.24198/umbara.v1i2.10341
Hjerm, M., Eger, M. A., Bohman, A., & Fors Connolly, F. (2020). A new approach to the study of tolerance: Conceptualizing and measuring acceptance, respect, and appreciation of difference. Social Indicators Research, 147(3), 897–919. doi: 10.1007/s11205-019-02176-y
Kamen, H. (1967). The rise of toleration. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Kanišauskas, S. (2010). Tolerance boundaries and cultural egalitarianism. Creativity Studies, 3(1), 67–79. doi: 10.3846/limes.2010.07
Kartadinata, S. (2015). Pendidikan kedamaian. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.
Kartadinata, S. (2018). Education in the industry 4.0 era: Building a culture of peace. International Conference on Economics, Business, Entrepreneurship & Finance.
Koriakina, A. A. (2019). The problem of ethnic tolerance development among students. Educational Process: International Journal, 8(1), 85–90. doi: 10.22521/edupij.2019.81.6
Köşker, N., & Özgen, N. (2018). Multiculturality concept and its reflections on education: The case of turkey. Review of International Geographical Education Online, 8(3), 571–600. doi: 10.33403/rigeo.505278
Madhakomala, R., & Anwar, J. (2017). Learning life balance: A study to regain mental peace and mental health of senior high students. IJER - Indonesian Journal of Educational Review, 4(1), 31–43. doi: 10.21009/IJER.04.01.04
Okafor, N. (2016). Culture of peace and care for the planet earth as predictors of students’ understanding of chemistry concepts. International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 8(1), 36–53.
Orekhovskaya, N., Tyurikov, A., Razov, P., Kibakin, M., & Kiseleva, N. (2017). Student youth tolerance as a factor of socio-cultural integration. Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 12(7b), 1283–1289. doi: 10.12973/ejac.2017.00254a
Oztabak, M. U. (2020). Refugee children’s drawings: Reflections of migration and war. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 6(2), 481–495. doi: 10.12973/ijem.6.2.481
Parker, L. (2014). Religious education for peaceful coexistence in indonesia? South East Asia Research, 22(4), 487–504. doi: 10.5367/sear.2014.0231
Parmar, R. M. (2014). Role of teacher for peace education. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 1(2). doi: 10.25215/0102.004
Pasamonk, B. (2004). The paradoxes of tolerance. The Social Studies, 95(5), 206–210. doi: 10.3200/TSSS.95.5.206-210
Plaut, V. C. (2010). Diversity science: Why and how difference makes a difference. Psychological Inquiry, 21(2), 77–99. doi: 10.1080/10478401003676501
Purgason, L. L., Boyles, J., & Greene, C. (2019). Teaching technology and tolerance in tandem: Culturally responsive classroom guidance interventions. Journal of School Counseling, 17(23), n23.
Rabinowitz, J. L., Wittig, M. A., von Braun, M., Franke, R., & Zander-Music, L. (2005). Understanding the relationship between egalitarianism and affective bias: Avenues to reducing prejudice among adolescents. Journal of Social Issues, 61(3), 525–545. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00419.x
Redekop, P. (2013). Personal peacefulness: Psychological perspectives. Peace Research, 45(2), 124–125.
Safina, R. N., & Abdurakhmanov, M. A. (2016). The formation of students’ tolerance in a multi-ethnic school. International Journal of Environmental & Science Education, 11(3), 269–277. doi: 10.12973/ijese.2016.310a
Saputra, W. N. E., Nurani, W., & Fauziah, M. (2021). Developing a peace guidance book to alleviate student aggressiveness. Jurnal Kajian Bimbingan dan Konseling, 6(2), 71–79. doi: 10.17977/um001v6i22021p071-079
Saputra, W. N. E., Supriyanto, A., Astuti, B., Ayriza, Y., & Adiputra, S. (2020). The effect of student perception of negative school climate on poor academic performance of students in Indonesia. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 19(2), 279–291. doi: 10.26803/ijlter.19.2.17
Sarkar, S. R. (2017). Peace education: A pedagogical emergent for student wellbeing. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management. doi: 10.18535/ijsrm/v5i3.06
Schweitzer, F. (2007). Religious individualization: New challenges to education for tolerance. British Journal of Religious Education, 29(1), 89–100. doi: 10.1080/01416200601037551
Septian, M. R., & Budiman, A. (2021). Tolerance in madrasah students based on religious organization affiliates. JOMSIGN: Journal of Multicultural Studies in Guidance and Counseling, 5(2), 43–61. doi: 10.17509/jomsign.v5i2.35063
Serin, H. (2017). Teaching about respect and tolerance with presentations on cultural values. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 3(4), 174–176. doi: 10.23918/ijsses.v3i4p174
Shajhelislamov, R. F., Sharifzyanova, K. S., & Shtreter, J. N. (2014). Designing the individual educational path for professional development of teachers. Life Science Journal, 11(9s), 355–359.
Sims, G. K., Nelson, L. L., & Puopolo, M. R. (2014). Introduction to personal peacefulness: Psychological perspectives. In G. K. Sims, L. L. Nelson, & M. R. Puopolo (Eds.), Personal Peacefulness (pp. 1–6). doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9366-2_1
Sudirman, S. (2019). The 21st-century teacher: Teacher’s competence within the character education framework towards a cultural-oriented development and promoting tolerance. International Education Studies, 12(8), 21. doi: 10.5539/ies.v12n8p21
Supriyanto, A., & Wahyudi, A. (2017). Skala karakter toleransi: konsep dan operasional aspek kedamaian, menghargai perbedaan dan kesadaran individu. Counsellia: Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling, 7(2), 61–70. doi: 10.25273/counsellia.v7i2.1710
Talib, A. T., & Gill, S. S. (2012). Socio-religious tolerance: exploring the Malaysian experience. Global Journal of Human Social Science, 12(8), 49–54.
Tanyel, S. S., & Kıralp, F. S. Ş. (2021). Tolerance for sustainable peace culture in a divided society: The effect of peace education on tolerance tendency and human values. Social Indicators Research, 156(1), 223–246. doi: 10.1007/s11205-021-02630-w
Tumanggor, R. O., & Mularsih, H. (2020). Development of an intervention module on increasing tolerance for adolescents. Proceedings of the 2nd Tarumanagara International Conference on the Applications of Social Sciences and Humanities (TICASH 2020), 416–421. Paris, France: Atlantis Press. doi: 10.2991/assehr.k.201209.064
UNESCO. (1995). Declaration of tolerance.
Vanderhaar, G. (2013). Active nonviolence: A way of personal peace. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
Verbitsky, A. A., Berezhnaya, I. F., Iliazova, M. D., & Ainalieva, A. R. (2019). Forein students education: Tolerance and mosaicity structure of international groups. PCSF 2019 - 9th PCSF Professional Сulture of the Specialist of the Future, 494–507. doi: 10.15405/epsbs.2019.12.53
Verkuyten, M., Yogeeswaran, K., & Adelman, L. (2020). The negative implications of being tolerated: Tolerance from the target’s perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(3), 544–561. doi: 10.1177/1745691619897974
Vogt, W. P. (1997). Tolerance and education: Learning to live with diversity and difference. Sage Publications, Inc.
Walzer, M. (1997). On toleration castle lectures in ethics, politics, and economics. Yale University Press.
Witenberg, R. T. (2019). The psychology of tolerance. Singapore: Springer Singapore. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-3789-5
Authors
Septian, M. R., Supriatna, M., Nurihsan, J., Budiman, N., & Manuardi, A. R. (2023). Contributive Factors of Tolerance among Senior High School Students. Jurnal Kajian Bimbingan Dan Konseling, 8(1), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.17977/um001v8i12023p47-58
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Rezza Septian, Mamat Supriatna, Juntika Nurihsan, Nandang Budiman, Adrian Renata Manuardi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.