Addressing Public Speaking Anxiety in Multicultural Counselling: The Use of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for International Students
Abstract
Abstract: Several studies have highlighted the importance of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) in reducing public speaking anxiety. The studies also denote the increase of confidence by strengthening self-efficacy. This study explores previous studies that uncover the use of CBT in dealing with public anxiety to identify its potential as part of multicultural counseling for international students in higher education. International students have different academic and learning cultures, as well as social environments, affecting the development of certain anxiety in dealing with pressures to adapt to new environments. Therefore, it positions the investigation of CBT’s ability to reduce public speaking anxiety for international students as highly essential. This study contends that CBT is a useful technique to unpack irrational fear of speaking in public and promote self-efficacy, developing confidence and leading to good mental health. However, given the nature of targeted intervention are international students, multicultural counseling competencies are undoubtedly required for the therapy.
Abstrak: Beberapa penelitian telah menyoroti pentingnya Terapi Perilaku Kognitif (CBT) dalam mengurangi kecemasan berbicara di depan umum. Studi ini menunjukkan adanya peningkatan kepercayaan diri dengan memperkuat efikasi diri. Studi ini juga mengeksplorasi studi sebelumnya yang mengungkap penggunaan CBT dalam menangani kecemasan publik untuk mengidentifikasi potensinya sebagai bagian dari konseling multikultural untuk mahasiswa internasional di pendidikan tinggi. Mahasiswa internasional memiliki budaya akademik, pembelajaran, dan lingkungan sosial yang berbeda, yang semuanya memengaruhi perkembangan kecemasan tertentu dalam menghadapi tekanan untuk beradaptasi dengan lingkungan baru. Oleh karena itu, penelitian tentang CBT untuk mengurangi kecemasan berbicara di depan umum bagi mahasiswa internasional sangat penting. Studi ini berpendapat bahwa CBT adalah teknik yang berguna untuk membongkar ketakutan irasional berbicara di depan umum dan mempromosikan efikasi diri, mengembangkan kepercayaan diri dan mengarahkan kesehatan mental yang baik. Namun, mengingat sifat intervensi yang ditargetkan adalah siswa internasional, kompetensi konseling multikultural tidak diragukan lagi diperlukan dalam terapi.
References
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Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W. H. Freeman and Company
Bandura, A., & Adams, N. E. (1977). Analysis of self-efficacy theory of behavioral change. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1(4), 287–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01663995
Bandura, A., & Locke E. A. (2003). Negative self-efficacy and goal effects revisited. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(1), 87–99.
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Craig, S. L., Austin, A., & Alessi, E. (2013). Gay affirmative cognitive behavioral therapy for sexual minority youth: A clinical adaptation. Clinical Social Work Journal, 41(3), 258–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-012-0427-9
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Eysenck, M. W. (1979). Anxiety, learning, and memory: A reconceptualization. Journal of Research in Personality, 13(4), 363–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(79)90001-1
Fitri, D. (2017). Efektivitas cognitive behavior therapy untuk mahasiwa. Jurnal Psikologi, 10(1), 64–73.
Freud, S. (1921). A general introduction to psychoanalysis (7th Ed.). Boni and Liveright.
Goldfried, M. R. (2003). Cognitive-behavior therapy: Reflections on the evolution of a therapeutic orientation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(1), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022586629843
Greenfield, D. N. (2018). Treatment considerations in internet and video game addiction. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 27(2), 327–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2017.11.007
Grieger, R., & Boyd, J. (1980). Rational-emotive therapy: A skills-based approach. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Haryanthi, L. P. S., & Tresniasari, N. (2012). Efektivitas metode terapi ego state dalam mengatasi kecemasan berbicara di depan publik pada mahasiswa Fakultas Psikologi UIN Syarif Hidayatullah. Jurnal Insan, 14(5), 32–40.
Hollon, S. D., & Beck, A. T. (2013). Cognitive and cognitive behavioral therapies. In Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change, 6th edition. Wiley.
Kholisin, K. (2014). Kecemasan berbicara ditinjau dari konsep diri dan kecerdasan emosional. Jurnal Ilmu Dakwah, 34(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.21580/jid.v34i1.65
Kiracofe, N. M. (1994). Accreditation standards for university and college counseling centers. Journal of Counseling & Development, 73(1), 38–43.
Leahy, R. L. (2017). Cognitive therapy techniques: A practitioner’s guide (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press
Lucchetti, A. E., Phipps, G. L., & Behnke, R. R. (2003). Trait anticipatory public speaking anxiety as a function of self‐efficacy expectations and self‐handicapping strategies. Communication Research Reports, 20(4), 348–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824090309388834
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1991). Methods and results in the study of anxiety and language learning: A review of the literature. Language Learning, 41(1), 85–117.
Mannuzza, S., Schneier, F. R., Chapman, T. F., Liebowitz, M. R., Klein, D. F., & Fyer, A. J. (1995). Generalized social phobia. Reliability and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(3), 230–237.
Marceline Carlos, Z., & Nisfiannoor, M. (2006). Hubungan antara self efficacy dan prestasi kerja karyawan marketing. Phronesis, 8(2). 196–206.
Mayo Clinic. (2018). Anxiety disorders—Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved July 9, 2021, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anxiety/symptoms-causes/syc-20350961
Milburn, M. C. (2011). Cognitive-behavior therapy and change: Unconditional self acceptance and hypnosis in CBT. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 29(3), 177–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-010-0121-1
Morris, L. W., Davis, M. A., & Hutchings, C. H. (1981). Cognitive and emotional components of anxiety: Literature review and a revised worry-emotionality scale. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73(4), 541–555. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.73.4.541
Myers, D. G. (1999). Social psychology (9th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill.
National Institute for Clinical Excellence. (2005). Clinical guidelines for treating mental health problems. National Institute for Clinical Excellence.
Neenan, M. (2008). From cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) to cognitive behaviour coaching (CBC). Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 26(1), 3–15.
Nevid, J. S., Rathus, S. A., & Green, B. (2005). Psikologi abnormal. Erlangga.
Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66(4), 543–578.
Polit, S. (2015). 3 public speaking tips for international students | Carey the torch. Carey the Torch. https://carey.jhu.edu/carey-the-torch/2015/03/3_public_speaking_tips_for_international_students/
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Regehr, C. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral theory. Theoretical perspectives for direct social work practice: A generalist-eclectic approach, 165–182.
Reynolds, A. L., & Pope, R. L. (2003). Multicultural competencies in counseling centers. In D. B. Pope-Davis, H. L. K. Coleman, W. M. Liu, & R. L. Toporek (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural competencies in counseling and psychology (pp. 365–382). SAGE.
Rickards-Schlichting, K. A., Kehle, T. J., & Bray, M. A. (2004). A self-modeling intervention for high school students with public speaking anxiety. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 20(2), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1300/J370v20n02_04
Rizvi, A., Prawitasari, J. E., & Soetjipto, H. P. (1997). Pusat kendali dan efikasi-diri sebagai prediktor terhadap prokrastinasi akademik mahasiswa. Psikologika: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Psikologi, 2(3), 51–66.
Šalkevičius, J., Miškinytė, A., & Navickas, L. (2019). Cloud based virtual reality exposure therapy service for public speaking anxiety. Information, 10(2), 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/info10020062
Salkovskis, P. M. (1996). Frontiers of cognitive therapy. Guilford Press.
Saufi, M. (2018). Дифференциально экспрессирующиеся гены нейромедиаторных систем в дорсальном стриатуме самцов мышей с двигательными нарушениями. Высшей Нервной Деятельности, 2.
Sawyer, C. R., & Behnke, R. R. (1999). State anxiety patterns for public speaking and the behavior inhibition system. Communication Reports, 12(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934219909367706
Scovel, T. (1978). The effect of affect on foreign language learning: a review of the anxiety research. Language Learning, 28(1), 129–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1978.tb00309.x
Spielberger, C. D. (1983). State-trait anxiety inventory for adults (Form Y): Sampler set. Mind Garden.
Spielberger, C. D. (Ed.). (1972). Anxiety: Current trends in theory and research. Elsevier.
Sulistyana, R. (2011). Kepercayaan diri dan penyesuaian sosial remaja korban kekerasan rumah tangga; studi kasus di Desa Wonosari Kecamatan Ngaliyan. IAIN Walisongo.
Swann Jr, W. B., Chang-Schneider, C., & Larsen McClarty, K. (2007). Do people’s self-views matter? Self-concept and self-esteem in everyday life. American psychologist, 62(2), 84.
Tremblay, P. F., & Gardner, R. C. (1995). Expanding the motivation construct in language learning. The Modern Language Journal, 79(4), 505–518.
Tsai, C. C. (2013). The impact of foreign language anxiety, test anxiety, and self-efficacy among senior high school students in Taiwan. International Journal of English Language and Linguistics Research, 1(3), 1–17.
Van der Slot, W. M., Nieuwenhuijsen, C., Van den Berg-Emons, R. J., Wensink-Boonstra, A. E., Stam, H. J., Roebroeck, M. E., & Transition Research Group South West Netherlands. (2010). Participation and health-related quality of life in adults with spastic bilateral cerebral palsy and the role of self-efficacy. J Rehabil Med, 42(6), 528-535. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0555
Wahyuni, E. (2015). Hubungan self-effecacy dan keterampilan komunikasi dengan kecemasan berbicara di depan umum. Jurnal Komunikasi Islam, 05(01), 52–82.
Williams, J.M.G. (1992). The psychological treatment of depression (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203414903
Wolpe, J. (1990). The practice of behavior therapy. Pergamon press.
Zulkosky, K. (2009). Self-efficacy: A concept analysis. Nursing Forum, 44(2), 93–102.
Anderson, P. L., Zimand, E., Hodges, L. F., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2005). Cognitive behavioral therapy for public-speaking anxiety using virtual reality for exposure. Depression and Anxiety, 22(3), 156–158. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20090
Atkinson, D. R. (1990). Minority students’ reasons for not seeking counseling and suggestions for improving services. Journal of College Student Development, 31(4), 342–350.
Bandura A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215.
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American psychologist, 37(2), 122–147.
Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 77–81). Academic Press.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W. H. Freeman and Company
Bandura, A., & Adams, N. E. (1977). Analysis of self-efficacy theory of behavioral change. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1(4), 287–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01663995
Bandura, A., & Locke E. A. (2003). Negative self-efficacy and goal effects revisited. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(1), 87–99.
Black, R. (2019). Glossophobia (fear of public speaking): Are you glossophobic? Psycom. https://www.psycom.net/glossophobia-fear-of-public-speaking
Bourne, E. J., & Garano, L. (2016). Coping with anxiety: Ten simple ways to relieve anxiety, fear, and worry. New Harbinger Publications.
Boyd, V., Hattauer, E., Brandel, I. W., Buckles, N., Davidshofer, C., Deakin, S., Erskine, C., Hurley, G., Locher, L., Piorkowski, G., Simono, R. B., Spivack, J., & Steel, C. M. (2003). Accreditation standards for university and college counseling centers. Journal of Counseling & Development, 81(2), 168–177.
Butler, A., Chapman, J., Forman, E., & Beck, A. (2006). The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.003
Chaplin, J. P. (2008). Kamus lengkap psikologi. PT Raja Grafindo Persada.
Constantine, M. G., Chen, E. C., & Ceesay, P. (1997). Intake concerns of racial and ethnic minority students at a university counseling center: Implications for developmental programming and outreach. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 25(3), 210–218.
Craig, S. L., Austin, A., & Alessi, E. (2013). Gay affirmative cognitive behavioral therapy for sexual minority youth: A clinical adaptation. Clinical Social Work Journal, 41(3), 258–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-012-0427-9
Curry, J. F., & Hersh, J. (2014). Development and evolution of cognitive behavior therapy for depressed adolescents. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 32(1), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-014-0180-9
Daly, J. A., & McCroskey, J. C. (Eds.). (2009). Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension (3rd ed.). Hampton Press.
Davidson, M. M., Yakushka, O. F., & Sanford-Martens, T. C. (2004). Racial and ethnic minority clients’ utilization of a university counseling center: An archival study. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 32, 259–271.
Durães, R. S. S., Khafif, T. C., Lotufo-Neto, F., & Serafim, A. de P. (2020). Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral couple therapy on reducing depression and anxiety symptoms and increasing dyadic adjustment and marital social skills: An exploratory study. The Family Journal, 28(4), 344–355. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480720902410
Eysenck, M. W. (1979). Anxiety, learning, and memory: A reconceptualization. Journal of Research in Personality, 13(4), 363–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(79)90001-1
Fitri, D. (2017). Efektivitas cognitive behavior therapy untuk mahasiwa. Jurnal Psikologi, 10(1), 64–73.
Freud, S. (1921). A general introduction to psychoanalysis (7th Ed.). Boni and Liveright.
Goldfried, M. R. (2003). Cognitive-behavior therapy: Reflections on the evolution of a therapeutic orientation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(1), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022586629843
Greenfield, D. N. (2018). Treatment considerations in internet and video game addiction. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 27(2), 327–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2017.11.007
Grieger, R., & Boyd, J. (1980). Rational-emotive therapy: A skills-based approach. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Haryanthi, L. P. S., & Tresniasari, N. (2012). Efektivitas metode terapi ego state dalam mengatasi kecemasan berbicara di depan publik pada mahasiswa Fakultas Psikologi UIN Syarif Hidayatullah. Jurnal Insan, 14(5), 32–40.
Hollon, S. D., & Beck, A. T. (2013). Cognitive and cognitive behavioral therapies. In Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change, 6th edition. Wiley.
Kholisin, K. (2014). Kecemasan berbicara ditinjau dari konsep diri dan kecerdasan emosional. Jurnal Ilmu Dakwah, 34(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.21580/jid.v34i1.65
Kiracofe, N. M. (1994). Accreditation standards for university and college counseling centers. Journal of Counseling & Development, 73(1), 38–43.
Leahy, R. L. (2017). Cognitive therapy techniques: A practitioner’s guide (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press
Lucchetti, A. E., Phipps, G. L., & Behnke, R. R. (2003). Trait anticipatory public speaking anxiety as a function of self‐efficacy expectations and self‐handicapping strategies. Communication Research Reports, 20(4), 348–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824090309388834
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1991). Methods and results in the study of anxiety and language learning: A review of the literature. Language Learning, 41(1), 85–117.
Mannuzza, S., Schneier, F. R., Chapman, T. F., Liebowitz, M. R., Klein, D. F., & Fyer, A. J. (1995). Generalized social phobia. Reliability and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(3), 230–237.
Marceline Carlos, Z., & Nisfiannoor, M. (2006). Hubungan antara self efficacy dan prestasi kerja karyawan marketing. Phronesis, 8(2). 196–206.
Mayo Clinic. (2018). Anxiety disorders—Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved July 9, 2021, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anxiety/symptoms-causes/syc-20350961
Milburn, M. C. (2011). Cognitive-behavior therapy and change: Unconditional self acceptance and hypnosis in CBT. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 29(3), 177–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-010-0121-1
Morris, L. W., Davis, M. A., & Hutchings, C. H. (1981). Cognitive and emotional components of anxiety: Literature review and a revised worry-emotionality scale. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73(4), 541–555. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.73.4.541
Myers, D. G. (1999). Social psychology (9th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill.
National Institute for Clinical Excellence. (2005). Clinical guidelines for treating mental health problems. National Institute for Clinical Excellence.
Neenan, M. (2008). From cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) to cognitive behaviour coaching (CBC). Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 26(1), 3–15.
Nevid, J. S., Rathus, S. A., & Green, B. (2005). Psikologi abnormal. Erlangga.
Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66(4), 543–578.
Polit, S. (2015). 3 public speaking tips for international students | Carey the torch. Carey the Torch. https://carey.jhu.edu/carey-the-torch/2015/03/3_public_speaking_tips_for_international_students/
Rahayu, I. T, Ardani, T. A., & Sulistyaningsih, S. (2004). Hubungan pola pikir positif dengan kecemasan berbicara di depan umum. Jurnal Psikologi UNDIP, 1(2), 131–143.
Regehr, C. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral theory. Theoretical perspectives for direct social work practice: A generalist-eclectic approach, 165–182.
Reynolds, A. L., & Pope, R. L. (2003). Multicultural competencies in counseling centers. In D. B. Pope-Davis, H. L. K. Coleman, W. M. Liu, & R. L. Toporek (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural competencies in counseling and psychology (pp. 365–382). SAGE.
Rickards-Schlichting, K. A., Kehle, T. J., & Bray, M. A. (2004). A self-modeling intervention for high school students with public speaking anxiety. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 20(2), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1300/J370v20n02_04
Rizvi, A., Prawitasari, J. E., & Soetjipto, H. P. (1997). Pusat kendali dan efikasi-diri sebagai prediktor terhadap prokrastinasi akademik mahasiswa. Psikologika: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Psikologi, 2(3), 51–66.
Šalkevičius, J., Miškinytė, A., & Navickas, L. (2019). Cloud based virtual reality exposure therapy service for public speaking anxiety. Information, 10(2), 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/info10020062
Salkovskis, P. M. (1996). Frontiers of cognitive therapy. Guilford Press.
Saufi, M. (2018). Дифференциально экспрессирующиеся гены нейромедиаторных систем в дорсальном стриатуме самцов мышей с двигательными нарушениями. Высшей Нервной Деятельности, 2.
Sawyer, C. R., & Behnke, R. R. (1999). State anxiety patterns for public speaking and the behavior inhibition system. Communication Reports, 12(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934219909367706
Scovel, T. (1978). The effect of affect on foreign language learning: a review of the anxiety research. Language Learning, 28(1), 129–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1978.tb00309.x
Spielberger, C. D. (1983). State-trait anxiety inventory for adults (Form Y): Sampler set. Mind Garden.
Spielberger, C. D. (Ed.). (1972). Anxiety: Current trends in theory and research. Elsevier.
Sulistyana, R. (2011). Kepercayaan diri dan penyesuaian sosial remaja korban kekerasan rumah tangga; studi kasus di Desa Wonosari Kecamatan Ngaliyan. IAIN Walisongo.
Swann Jr, W. B., Chang-Schneider, C., & Larsen McClarty, K. (2007). Do people’s self-views matter? Self-concept and self-esteem in everyday life. American psychologist, 62(2), 84.
Tremblay, P. F., & Gardner, R. C. (1995). Expanding the motivation construct in language learning. The Modern Language Journal, 79(4), 505–518.
Tsai, C. C. (2013). The impact of foreign language anxiety, test anxiety, and self-efficacy among senior high school students in Taiwan. International Journal of English Language and Linguistics Research, 1(3), 1–17.
Van der Slot, W. M., Nieuwenhuijsen, C., Van den Berg-Emons, R. J., Wensink-Boonstra, A. E., Stam, H. J., Roebroeck, M. E., & Transition Research Group South West Netherlands. (2010). Participation and health-related quality of life in adults with spastic bilateral cerebral palsy and the role of self-efficacy. J Rehabil Med, 42(6), 528-535. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0555
Wahyuni, E. (2015). Hubungan self-effecacy dan keterampilan komunikasi dengan kecemasan berbicara di depan umum. Jurnal Komunikasi Islam, 05(01), 52–82.
Williams, J.M.G. (1992). The psychological treatment of depression (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203414903
Wolpe, J. (1990). The practice of behavior therapy. Pergamon press.
Zulkosky, K. (2009). Self-efficacy: A concept analysis. Nursing Forum, 44(2), 93–102.
Authors
Anwar, M. K., Haq, M. I., Salma, D., & Wang, Z. (2022). Addressing Public Speaking Anxiety in Multicultural Counselling: The Use of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for International Students. Jurnal Kajian Bimbingan Dan Konseling, 7(2), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.17977/um001v7i22022p52-61
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