Adaptation of the PG-13-R Instrument to Measure Prolonged Grief Disorder in Adolescents
Abstract
Grief due to the loss of a loved one is a normal reaction that can be experienced by teenagers, but if it interferes with daily life and lasts for a long time, this condition can develop into a prolonged grief disorder. The PG-13-R instrument was introduced by Holly Prigerson, designed to measure prolonged grief disorder. Research is needed to confirm the psychometric performance of the PG-13-R in samples with broader ethnicities. This research involved 242 students at SMKN 1 Tasikmalaya, Indonesia using a descriptive quantitative approach. This research aims to measure and describe the characteristics of the validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of the PG-13-R instrument for adolescents who have experienced loss. The results of the validity and reliability test show that the Indonesian version of the PG-13-R instrument has a good level of validity and reliability, with all items declared valid and a high reliability value (Cronbach's alpha = 0.888). Thus, the adapted PG-13-R instrument can be indicated as a valid and reliable measuring tool for identifying prolonged grief disorders in adolescents in Indonesia.
References
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Jordan, A. H., & Litz, B. T. (2014). Prolonged grief disorder: Diagnostic, assessment, and treatment considerations. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 45(3), 180–187. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036836
Kim, Y., Rimal, D., K. C, A., Shrestha, S., Luitel, N. P., Prigerson, H. G., Tol, W. A., & Surkan, P. J. (2020). Understanding Nepali widows’ experiences for the adaptation of an instrument to assess Prolonged Grief Disorder. Transcultural Psychiatry, 60(6), 891–904. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461520949005
Malone, A. P. (2016). Counseling Adolescents Throught Loss, Grief and Trauma. Routledge.
Matondang, Z. (2009). Validitas dan Reliabilitas Suatu Instrumen Penelitian. Jurnal Tabularasa PPS Unimed, 6(1), 87–97.
Muhtadi, H. F. (2023). Model Konseling Kelompok Penerimaan dan Komitmen untuk Mereduksi Kedukaan pada Remaja (Penelitian Eksperimen One Group Pre-Test Post-Test Design di SMKN 1 Tasikmalaya). Universitas Muhammadiyah Tasikmalaya.
Nasrullah, N., & Sulaiman, L. (2021). Analisis Pengaruh Covid-19 Terhadap Kesehatan Mental Masyarakat Di Indonesia. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 20(3), 206–211. https://doi.org/10.14710/mkmi.20.3.206-211
Nasution, E. S. (2022). Resiliensi terhadap kedukaan masyarakat indonesia dalam menghadapi pandemi covid-19. Jp3Sdm, 11(1), 55–69.
Nurhidayati, & Chairani, L. (2014). Makna Kematian Orangtua Bagi Remaja (Studi Fenomenologi Pada Remaja Pasca Kematian Orangtua). Jurnal Psikologi UIN Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau, 10(1), 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/jp.v10i1.1177
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Prigerson, H. G., Boelen, P. A., Xu, J., Smith, K. V., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2021). Validation of the new DSM-5-TR criteria for prolonged grief disorder and the PG-13-Revised (PG-13-R) scale. World Psychiatry, 20(1), 96–106. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20823
Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., Raphael, B., Marwit, S. J., Wortman, C., Neimeyer, R. A., Bonanno, G., Block, S. D., Kisaane, D., Boelen, P., Maercker, A., Litz, B. T., Johnsoh, J. G., First, M. B., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Med, 6(8). https://doi.org/doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000121
Prigerson, H. G., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2008). Prolonged Grief Disorder (PG-13) Scale. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.
Prigerson, H. G., Maciejewski, P. K., Reynolds, C. F., Bierhals, A. J., Newsom, J. T., Fasiczka, A., Frank, E., Doman, J., & Miller, M. (1995). Inventory of complicated grief: A scale to measure maladaptive symptoms of loss. Psychiatry Research, 59(1–2), 65–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(95)02757-2
Stephens, M. (2022). An extended investigation into predictors of Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) in individuals who were parentally bereaved as adolescents or young adults [University of Bristol]. https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/362588784/Final_Copy_2023_03_21_Stephens_M_MSc.pdf
Sugiyono. (2015). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan (Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D). Alfabeta.
Susanto, V., & Surjaningrum, R. (2023). A Systematic Literature Review: Pemaknaan Kedukaan Akibat Kematian Orang Tua Pada Remaja. Proceeding Series of Psychology, 1(1), 262–274.
Sveen, J., Bondjers, K., Heinsoo, J., & Arnberg, F. K. (2020). Psychometric evaluation of the Swedish version of the Prolonged Grief Disorder-13 (PG-13) in a bereaved mixed trauma sample. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.541789
Thieleman, K., Caaiatore, J., & Fances, A. (2023). Rates of prolonged grief disorder: considering relationship to the person who died and cause of death. Journal of Affective Disorders, 339, 832–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.094
Vang, M. L., Prigerson, H. G., Elklit, A., Komischke-Konnerup, K. B., & O'Connor, M. (2022). Do we all grieve the same? A multigroup test of the dimensional structure of prolonged grief disorder among Danish bereaved partners and children. Psychiatry research, 318, 114937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114937
Vibriyanti, D. (2020). Kesehatan mental masyarakat: mengelola kecemasan di tengah pandemi COVID-19. Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia, 15(Demografi dan COVID-19 di Indonesia), 69–74. https://doi.org/10.14203/jki.v0i0.550
World Health Organization. (2024). Number of COVID-19 deaths reported to WHO (cumulative total). https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/deaths?n=c&m49=360
American Psychiatric Association. (2021). APA Offers Tips for Understanding Prolonged Grief Disorder. https://www.psychiatry.org/newsroom/news-releases/apa-offers-tips-for-understanding-prolonged-grief-disorder
Ashouri, A., Yousefi, S., & Prigerson, H. G. (2024). Psychometric Properties of the PG-13-R scale to Assess Prolonged Grief Disorder among Bereaved Iranian Adults. Palliative & Supportive Care, 22(1), 174–181. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1478951523000202
Astuti, Y. D. (2007). Kematian Akibat Bencana dan Pengaruhnya Pada Kondisi Psikologis Survivor: Tinjauan Teoritis Tentang Arti Penting Death Education. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial, 30(66), 363–376. https://doi.org/10.20885/unisia.vol30.iss66.art4
Asyfiyah, H. N. B. (2017). Proses Duka Remaja Yang Mengalami Kematian Orang Tua. Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta.
BNPB, B. (2023). Indeks Resiko Bencana Indonesia. Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana. https://inarisk.bnpb.go.id/irbi#
BNPB, B. (2024). Geoportal Data Bencana Indonesia. Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana. https://gis.bnpb.go.id/
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
Budiastuti, D., & Bandur, A. (2018). Validitas dan Reliabilitas Penelitian. Mitra Wacana Media.
Edwards, A., Do, D., & Dao, T. (2023). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on grief: a prospective survey among community hospital next-of-kin. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 26(5), 653–661. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2022.0218
Fitryani, D. P. C., Berek, N. C., Anakaka, D. L., & Kiling, I. Y. (2021). The Dynamics of Grief in Late Adolescence After Maternal Death in Terms of The Theory of Kübler-Ross. Journal of Health and Behavioral Science, 3(4), 481–489. https://doi.org/10.35508/jhbs.v3i4.4384
Gunawan, P. K., Agustiani, H., & Qodariah, L. (2022). Adaptation of PG-13 on Indonesian Adolescents. Omega (United States), 89(2), 729–740. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228221085187
Harden, S. R., Runkle, J. D., Weiser, J., Green, S., & Sugg, M. M. (2021). Spatial Clustering of Adolescent Bereavement in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Adolescent Health, 69(1), 140–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.04.035
Hasanah, U., Fitri, N. L., Supardi, S., & PH, L. (2020). Depression Among College Students Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Jurnal Keperawatan Jiwa, 8(4), 421. https://doi.org/10.26714/jkj.8.4.2020.421-424
Hwang, Y., Lee, D. H., & Prigerson, H. G. (2023). Psychometric properties, stability, and predictive validity of the Korean version of the Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (PG-13-K): A longitudinal study among bereaved Koreans. Death Studies, 47(4), 410–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2022.2081884
Ifdil, I. (2014). Pelayanan Konseling Kesehatan Mental Pasca Bencana Di Indonesia. Dialog Penanggulangan Bencana, 5(1), 41–46.
International Test Commission, I. T. C. (2018). ITC guidelines for translating and adapting tests. International Journal of Testing, 18(2), 101–134.
Işıklı, S., Keser, E., Prigerson, H. G., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2022). Validation of the prolonged grief scale (PG-13) and investigation of the prevalence and risk factors of prolonged grief disorder in Turkish bereaved samples. Death Studies, 46(3), 628–638. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1745955
Ito, M., Nakajima, S., Fujisawa, D., Miyashita, M., Kim, Y., Shear, M. K., Ghesquiere, A., & Wall, M. M. (2012). Brief measure for screening complicated grief: Reliability and discriminant validity. PLoS ONE, 7(2), 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031209
Jordan, A. H., & Litz, B. T. (2014). Prolonged grief disorder: Diagnostic, assessment, and treatment considerations. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 45(3), 180–187. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036836
Kim, Y., Rimal, D., K. C, A., Shrestha, S., Luitel, N. P., Prigerson, H. G., Tol, W. A., & Surkan, P. J. (2020). Understanding Nepali widows’ experiences for the adaptation of an instrument to assess Prolonged Grief Disorder. Transcultural Psychiatry, 60(6), 891–904. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461520949005
Malone, A. P. (2016). Counseling Adolescents Throught Loss, Grief and Trauma. Routledge.
Matondang, Z. (2009). Validitas dan Reliabilitas Suatu Instrumen Penelitian. Jurnal Tabularasa PPS Unimed, 6(1), 87–97.
Muhtadi, H. F. (2023). Model Konseling Kelompok Penerimaan dan Komitmen untuk Mereduksi Kedukaan pada Remaja (Penelitian Eksperimen One Group Pre-Test Post-Test Design di SMKN 1 Tasikmalaya). Universitas Muhammadiyah Tasikmalaya.
Nasrullah, N., & Sulaiman, L. (2021). Analisis Pengaruh Covid-19 Terhadap Kesehatan Mental Masyarakat Di Indonesia. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 20(3), 206–211. https://doi.org/10.14710/mkmi.20.3.206-211
Nasution, E. S. (2022). Resiliensi terhadap kedukaan masyarakat indonesia dalam menghadapi pandemi covid-19. Jp3Sdm, 11(1), 55–69.
Nurhidayati, & Chairani, L. (2014). Makna Kematian Orangtua Bagi Remaja (Studi Fenomenologi Pada Remaja Pasca Kematian Orangtua). Jurnal Psikologi UIN Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau, 10(1), 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/jp.v10i1.1177
Pasaribu, P. G. (2017). Grief Pada Remaja Batak Toba Akibat Kematian Orang Tua. In Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Prigerson, H. G., Boelen, P. A., Xu, J., Smith, K. V., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2021). Validation of the new DSM-5-TR criteria for prolonged grief disorder and the PG-13-Revised (PG-13-R) scale. World Psychiatry, 20(1), 96–106. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20823
Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., Raphael, B., Marwit, S. J., Wortman, C., Neimeyer, R. A., Bonanno, G., Block, S. D., Kisaane, D., Boelen, P., Maercker, A., Litz, B. T., Johnsoh, J. G., First, M. B., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Med, 6(8). https://doi.org/doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000121
Prigerson, H. G., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2008). Prolonged Grief Disorder (PG-13) Scale. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.
Prigerson, H. G., Maciejewski, P. K., Reynolds, C. F., Bierhals, A. J., Newsom, J. T., Fasiczka, A., Frank, E., Doman, J., & Miller, M. (1995). Inventory of complicated grief: A scale to measure maladaptive symptoms of loss. Psychiatry Research, 59(1–2), 65–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(95)02757-2
Stephens, M. (2022). An extended investigation into predictors of Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) in individuals who were parentally bereaved as adolescents or young adults [University of Bristol]. https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/362588784/Final_Copy_2023_03_21_Stephens_M_MSc.pdf
Sugiyono. (2015). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan (Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D). Alfabeta.
Susanto, V., & Surjaningrum, R. (2023). A Systematic Literature Review: Pemaknaan Kedukaan Akibat Kematian Orang Tua Pada Remaja. Proceeding Series of Psychology, 1(1), 262–274.
Sveen, J., Bondjers, K., Heinsoo, J., & Arnberg, F. K. (2020). Psychometric evaluation of the Swedish version of the Prolonged Grief Disorder-13 (PG-13) in a bereaved mixed trauma sample. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.541789
Thieleman, K., Caaiatore, J., & Fances, A. (2023). Rates of prolonged grief disorder: considering relationship to the person who died and cause of death. Journal of Affective Disorders, 339, 832–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.094
Vang, M. L., Prigerson, H. G., Elklit, A., Komischke-Konnerup, K. B., & O'Connor, M. (2022). Do we all grieve the same? A multigroup test of the dimensional structure of prolonged grief disorder among Danish bereaved partners and children. Psychiatry research, 318, 114937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114937
Vibriyanti, D. (2020). Kesehatan mental masyarakat: mengelola kecemasan di tengah pandemi COVID-19. Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia, 15(Demografi dan COVID-19 di Indonesia), 69–74. https://doi.org/10.14203/jki.v0i0.550
World Health Organization. (2024). Number of COVID-19 deaths reported to WHO (cumulative total). https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/deaths?n=c&m49=360
Authors
Muhtadi, H. F., & Ahman, A. (2024). Adaptation of the PG-13-R Instrument to Measure Prolonged Grief Disorder in Adolescents. Buletin Konseling Inovatif, 4(2), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.17977/um059v4i22024p85-90
Copyright (c) 2024 Hasna Fathinah Muhtadi, Ahman Ahman
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