Goal Commitment as Mediator of Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Career Decision Difficulties among Vocational High School Students
Abstract
Vocational high school students were provided with a curriculum designed to facilitate their transition into the workforce. Elicitation studies have indicated that vocational high school students experience difficulties in making career decisions. The internship program is designed to enhance students' emotional intelligence and goal commitment, thereby preventing career decision-making difficulties. This research aims to investigate the mediating effect of goal commitment in the relationship between emotional intelligence and career decision-making difficulties. This quantitative correlational research was conducted in a vocational high school in Bogor with a total of 173 participants using a self-report questionnaire of CDDQ, TEIQue-SF, and HWK Scale. Mediation analysis was processed using Hayes PROCESS. Results showed that goal commitment plays a partial mediation role in the relationship between emotional intelligence and career decision-making difficulties (c’ = -0.19, p < 0.001; c = -0.25, p < 0.001). This research will also present the limitations and suggestions for future study.
References
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Anastasi, A., & Urbina, S. (1997). Psychological testing (7th ed.). Prentice Hall/Pearson Education.
Asy’ari, M., Ekayati, I. N., & Matulessy, A. (2014). Konsep Diri, Kecerdasan Emosi Dan Motivasi Belajar Siswa. Persona: Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, 3(1).
Brown, C., George-Curran, R., & Smith, M. L. (2003). The Role of Emotional Intelligence in the Career Commitment and Decision-Making Process. Journal of Career Assessment, 11(4), 379–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072703255834
Bullock-Yowell, E., McConnell, A. E., & Schedin, E. A. (2014). Decided and undecided students: Career self-efficacy, negative thinking, and decision-making difficulties. Nacada journal, 34(1), 22–34. https://doi.org/10.12930/NACADA-13-016
Chen, T. Y., Chang, P. L., & Yeh, C. W. (2004). A study of career needs, career development programs, job satisfaction and the turnover intentions of R&D personnel. Career development international, 9(4), 424–437. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430410544364
Chuang, N. K., Lee, P. C., & Kwok, L. (2020). Assisting students with career decision-making difficulties: Can career decision-making self-efficacy and career decision-making profile help?. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2019.100235
Davis, S.K., & Humphrey, N. (2012). The influence of emotional intelligence (EI) on coping and mental health in adolescence: Divergent roles for trait and ability EI. Journal of Adolescence, 35(5), 1369–1379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.09.016
Di Fabio, A., & Saklofske, D. H. (2014). Comparing ability and self-report trait emotional intelligence, fluid intelligence, and personality traits in career decision. Personality and Individual Differences, 64, 174–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.024
Di Fabio, A., Palazzeschi, L., & Bar‐On, R. (2012). The role of personality traits, core self‐evaluation, and emotional intelligence in career decision‐making difficulties. Journal of Employment Counseling, 49(3), 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.2012.00012.x
Drastiana, D. (2016). Hubungan antara kecerdasan emosi dengan pengambilan keputusan karir pada remaja [Doctoral dissertation, University of Muhammadiyah Malang].
Farnia, F., Nafukho, F. M., & Petrides, K. V. (2018). Predicting career decision-making difficulties: The role of trait emotional intelligence, positive and negative emotions. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 1107. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01107
Fernández-Berrocal, P., Alcaide, R., Extremera, N., & Pizarro, D. (2006). The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Anxiety and Depression Among Adolescents. Individual Differences Research, 4(1), 16–27.
Gati, I., & Saka, N. (2001). High School Students' Career-Related Decision-Making Difficulties. Journal of Counseling & Development, 79(3), 331–340. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2001.tb01978.x
Gati, I., Krausz, M., & Osipow, S. H. (1996). A taxonomy of difficulties in career decision making. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(4), 510–526. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.43.4.510
Gelatt, H. (1989). Positive uncertainty: a new decision-making framework for counseling. J. Couns. Psychol. 36, 252–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10897-018-0218-8
Gravetter, F. J., & Forzano, L. B. (2012). Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Hasanah, A. N. (2018). Pengaruh kecerdasan emosi dan dukungan keluarga terhadap kesulitan pengambilan keputusan karir pada remaja di Jakarta (Bachelor's thesis, Jakarta: Fakultas Psikologi UIN Syarif Hidayatullah).
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
Hirschi, A., Herrmann, A., & Keller, A. C. (2015). Career adaptivity, adaptability, and adapting: A conceptual and empirical investigation. Journal of vocational behavior, 87, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.11.008
Hollenbeck, J. R., & Klein, H. J. (1987). Goal commitment and the goal-setting process: Problems, prospects, and proposals for future research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(2), 212–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.72.2.212
Indrayana, P., & Hendrati, F. (2013). Hubungan Antara Kecerdasan Emosional Dan Konformitas Kelompok Teman Sebaya Dengan Konsep Diri Remaja. Persona Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, 2(3), 199–207.
Kaplan, R., Saccuzzo, D. (2013). Psychological Testing: Principles, Application & Issues. 8th ed. Belmont, CA: Cengage.
Karacan-Ozdemir, N. Associations between career adaptability and career decision-making difficulties among Turkish high school students. Int J Educ Vocat Guidance 19, 475–495 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-019-09389-0
Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi. (2016). Panduan Penyusunan Kurikulum Pendidikan Vokasi. Diakses melalui https://p2appjj.ub.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Chomsin-Sulistya-Widodo-S.Si_.-M.Si_.-Ph.D.-Panduan-Penyusunan-Kurikulum-Pendidikan-Vokasi-2016-1.pdf
Klein, H. J., Becker, T. E., & Meyer, J. P. (Eds.). (2012). Commitment in organizations: Accumulated wisdom and new directions. Routledge.
Kraimer, M. L., Seibert, S. E., Wayne, S. J., Liden, R. C., & Bravo, J. (2011). Antecedents and outcomes of organizational support for development: The critical role of career opportunities. Journal of applied psychology, 96(3), 485.
Kulcsár, V., Dobrean, A., & Gati, I. (2020). Challenges and difficulties in career decision making: Their causes, and their effects on the process and the decision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 116, 103346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103346
Lease, S. H. (2004). Effect of locus of control, work knowledge, and mentoring on career decision-making difficulties: Testing the role of race and academic institution. Journal of Career Assessment, 12(3), 239–254.
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of vocational behavior, 45(1), 79–122. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027
Lubis, S. H. B., Sahrani, R., & Heng, P. H. (2021). Peran Kecerdasan Emosi dan Efikasi Diri dalam Pengambilan Keputusan Karir terhadap Kesulitan Pengambilan Keputusan Karir Siswa. Jurnal Harkat: Media Komunikasi Gender, 16(2), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.15408/harkat.v16i2.16144
Mau, W. C. (2001). Assessing career decision-making difficulties: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Career Assessment, 9(4), 353–364. https://doi.org/10.1177/106907270100900403
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (p. 3–34). Basic Books.
Monzani, D., Steca, P., Greco, A., D’Addario, M., Pancani, L., & Cappelletti, E. (2015). Effective pursuit of personal goals: The fostering effect of dispositional optimism on goal commitment and goal progress. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 203–214.
Osipow, S. H. (1999). Assessing career indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 55(1), 147–154.
Parola, A., & Marcionetti, J. (2022). Career decision-making difficulties and life satisfaction: The role of career-related parental behaviors and career adaptability. Journal of Career Development, 49(4), 831–845.
Petrides, K. V. (2009). Psychometric properties of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue). In C. Stough, D. H. Saklofske, & J. D. A. Parker (Eds.), The Springer series on human exceptionality. Assessing emotional intelligence: Theory, research, and applications (p. 85–101). Springer Science + Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88370-0_5
Ramdhani, D. & Purba, D. O. (2022, November 10). Ternyata Ini Penyebab Lulusan SMK Menjadi Penyumbang Pengangguran Tertinggi di Jabar dan Banten. Kompas. https://bandung.kompas.com/read/2022/11/10/123512878/ternyata-ini-penyebab-lulusan-smk-jadi-penyumbang-penganggur-tertinggi-di?page=all
Renn, R. W. (2003). Moderation by goal commitment of the feedback–performance relationship: Theoretical explanation and preliminary study. Human Resource Management Review, 13(4), 561–580.
Renn, R. W., Steinbauer, R., Taylor, R., & Detwiler, D. (2014). School-to-work transition: Mentor career support and student career planning, job search intentions, and self-defeating job search behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 422–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.09.004
Sahida, F. (2022). Hubungan antara Kecerdasan Emosional dengan Kesulitan Pengambilan Keputusan Karir pada Siswa SMK Swasta di Jakarta Timur di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 [Bachelor’s thesis, Universitas Negeri Jakarta]. http://repository.unj.ac.id/id/eprint/36644
Salomone, P. R. (1982). Difficult Cases in Career Counseling: I I -The Indecisive Client. The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 60(8), 496–500. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2164 - 4918.1982.tb00703.x
Salovey, P., Bedell, B. T., Detweiler, J. B., and Mayer, J. D. (2000). "Current directions in emotional intelligence research," in Handbook of Emotions, eds M. Lewis and J. M. Haviland-Jones (New York, NY: Guilford Press), 504–520.
Savickas, M. L. (1997). Career adaptability: An integrative construct for life-span, life-space theory. The Career Development Quarterly, 45(3), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.1997.tb00469.x.
Savickas, M. L., & Porfeli, E. J. (2012). The career adapt-abilities scale: Construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 744–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.011.
Sidiropoulou-Dimakakou, D., Mylonas, K., Argyropoulou, K., & Tampouri, S. (2012). Career Decision-making Difficulties, Dysfunctional Thinking and Generalized Self-Efficacy of University Students in Greece. World Journal of Education, 2, 117–130.
Slaney, R. B. (1988). The assessment of career decision making. In Contemporary topics in vocational psychology. Career decision making (pp. 33 –76). Hillsdale, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1988-98154-002
Valach, L., Young, R. A., Lynam, M. J. (1996). Family Health- promotion Projects: An Action-theoretical Perspective. Journal of Health Psychology, 1(1), 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910539600100105
Willner, T., Gati, I., & Guan, Y. (2015). Career decision-making profiles and career decision-making difficulties: A cross-cultural comparison among US, Israeli, and Chinese samples. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 88, 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.03.007
Wong, C. S., & Law, K. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 243–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00099-1
Yunia, S. A. P., Liyanovitasari, L., & Saparwati, M. (2019). Hubungan kecerdasan emosional dengan kenakalan remaja pada siswa. Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan Jiwa, 2(1), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.32584/jikj.v2i1.296
Anastasi, A., & Urbina, S. (1997). Psychological testing (7th ed.). Prentice Hall/Pearson Education.
Asy’ari, M., Ekayati, I. N., & Matulessy, A. (2014). Konsep Diri, Kecerdasan Emosi Dan Motivasi Belajar Siswa. Persona: Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, 3(1).
Brown, C., George-Curran, R., & Smith, M. L. (2003). The Role of Emotional Intelligence in the Career Commitment and Decision-Making Process. Journal of Career Assessment, 11(4), 379–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072703255834
Bullock-Yowell, E., McConnell, A. E., & Schedin, E. A. (2014). Decided and undecided students: Career self-efficacy, negative thinking, and decision-making difficulties. Nacada journal, 34(1), 22–34. https://doi.org/10.12930/NACADA-13-016
Chen, T. Y., Chang, P. L., & Yeh, C. W. (2004). A study of career needs, career development programs, job satisfaction and the turnover intentions of R&D personnel. Career development international, 9(4), 424–437. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430410544364
Chuang, N. K., Lee, P. C., & Kwok, L. (2020). Assisting students with career decision-making difficulties: Can career decision-making self-efficacy and career decision-making profile help?. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2019.100235
Davis, S.K., & Humphrey, N. (2012). The influence of emotional intelligence (EI) on coping and mental health in adolescence: Divergent roles for trait and ability EI. Journal of Adolescence, 35(5), 1369–1379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.09.016
Di Fabio, A., & Saklofske, D. H. (2014). Comparing ability and self-report trait emotional intelligence, fluid intelligence, and personality traits in career decision. Personality and Individual Differences, 64, 174–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.024
Di Fabio, A., Palazzeschi, L., & Bar‐On, R. (2012). The role of personality traits, core self‐evaluation, and emotional intelligence in career decision‐making difficulties. Journal of Employment Counseling, 49(3), 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.2012.00012.x
Drastiana, D. (2016). Hubungan antara kecerdasan emosi dengan pengambilan keputusan karir pada remaja [Doctoral dissertation, University of Muhammadiyah Malang].
Farnia, F., Nafukho, F. M., & Petrides, K. V. (2018). Predicting career decision-making difficulties: The role of trait emotional intelligence, positive and negative emotions. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 1107. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01107
Fernández-Berrocal, P., Alcaide, R., Extremera, N., & Pizarro, D. (2006). The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Anxiety and Depression Among Adolescents. Individual Differences Research, 4(1), 16–27.
Gati, I., & Saka, N. (2001). High School Students' Career-Related Decision-Making Difficulties. Journal of Counseling & Development, 79(3), 331–340. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2001.tb01978.x
Gati, I., Krausz, M., & Osipow, S. H. (1996). A taxonomy of difficulties in career decision making. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(4), 510–526. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.43.4.510
Gelatt, H. (1989). Positive uncertainty: a new decision-making framework for counseling. J. Couns. Psychol. 36, 252–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10897-018-0218-8
Gravetter, F. J., & Forzano, L. B. (2012). Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Hasanah, A. N. (2018). Pengaruh kecerdasan emosi dan dukungan keluarga terhadap kesulitan pengambilan keputusan karir pada remaja di Jakarta (Bachelor's thesis, Jakarta: Fakultas Psikologi UIN Syarif Hidayatullah).
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
Hirschi, A., Herrmann, A., & Keller, A. C. (2015). Career adaptivity, adaptability, and adapting: A conceptual and empirical investigation. Journal of vocational behavior, 87, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.11.008
Hollenbeck, J. R., & Klein, H. J. (1987). Goal commitment and the goal-setting process: Problems, prospects, and proposals for future research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(2), 212–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.72.2.212
Indrayana, P., & Hendrati, F. (2013). Hubungan Antara Kecerdasan Emosional Dan Konformitas Kelompok Teman Sebaya Dengan Konsep Diri Remaja. Persona Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, 2(3), 199–207.
Kaplan, R., Saccuzzo, D. (2013). Psychological Testing: Principles, Application & Issues. 8th ed. Belmont, CA: Cengage.
Karacan-Ozdemir, N. Associations between career adaptability and career decision-making difficulties among Turkish high school students. Int J Educ Vocat Guidance 19, 475–495 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-019-09389-0
Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi. (2016). Panduan Penyusunan Kurikulum Pendidikan Vokasi. Diakses melalui https://p2appjj.ub.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Chomsin-Sulistya-Widodo-S.Si_.-M.Si_.-Ph.D.-Panduan-Penyusunan-Kurikulum-Pendidikan-Vokasi-2016-1.pdf
Klein, H. J., Becker, T. E., & Meyer, J. P. (Eds.). (2012). Commitment in organizations: Accumulated wisdom and new directions. Routledge.
Kraimer, M. L., Seibert, S. E., Wayne, S. J., Liden, R. C., & Bravo, J. (2011). Antecedents and outcomes of organizational support for development: The critical role of career opportunities. Journal of applied psychology, 96(3), 485.
Kulcsár, V., Dobrean, A., & Gati, I. (2020). Challenges and difficulties in career decision making: Their causes, and their effects on the process and the decision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 116, 103346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103346
Lease, S. H. (2004). Effect of locus of control, work knowledge, and mentoring on career decision-making difficulties: Testing the role of race and academic institution. Journal of Career Assessment, 12(3), 239–254.
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of vocational behavior, 45(1), 79–122. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027
Lubis, S. H. B., Sahrani, R., & Heng, P. H. (2021). Peran Kecerdasan Emosi dan Efikasi Diri dalam Pengambilan Keputusan Karir terhadap Kesulitan Pengambilan Keputusan Karir Siswa. Jurnal Harkat: Media Komunikasi Gender, 16(2), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.15408/harkat.v16i2.16144
Mau, W. C. (2001). Assessing career decision-making difficulties: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Career Assessment, 9(4), 353–364. https://doi.org/10.1177/106907270100900403
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (p. 3–34). Basic Books.
Monzani, D., Steca, P., Greco, A., D’Addario, M., Pancani, L., & Cappelletti, E. (2015). Effective pursuit of personal goals: The fostering effect of dispositional optimism on goal commitment and goal progress. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 203–214.
Osipow, S. H. (1999). Assessing career indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 55(1), 147–154.
Parola, A., & Marcionetti, J. (2022). Career decision-making difficulties and life satisfaction: The role of career-related parental behaviors and career adaptability. Journal of Career Development, 49(4), 831–845.
Petrides, K. V. (2009). Psychometric properties of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue). In C. Stough, D. H. Saklofske, & J. D. A. Parker (Eds.), The Springer series on human exceptionality. Assessing emotional intelligence: Theory, research, and applications (p. 85–101). Springer Science + Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88370-0_5
Ramdhani, D. & Purba, D. O. (2022, November 10). Ternyata Ini Penyebab Lulusan SMK Menjadi Penyumbang Pengangguran Tertinggi di Jabar dan Banten. Kompas. https://bandung.kompas.com/read/2022/11/10/123512878/ternyata-ini-penyebab-lulusan-smk-jadi-penyumbang-penganggur-tertinggi-di?page=all
Renn, R. W. (2003). Moderation by goal commitment of the feedback–performance relationship: Theoretical explanation and preliminary study. Human Resource Management Review, 13(4), 561–580.
Renn, R. W., Steinbauer, R., Taylor, R., & Detwiler, D. (2014). School-to-work transition: Mentor career support and student career planning, job search intentions, and self-defeating job search behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 422–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.09.004
Sahida, F. (2022). Hubungan antara Kecerdasan Emosional dengan Kesulitan Pengambilan Keputusan Karir pada Siswa SMK Swasta di Jakarta Timur di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 [Bachelor’s thesis, Universitas Negeri Jakarta]. http://repository.unj.ac.id/id/eprint/36644
Salomone, P. R. (1982). Difficult Cases in Career Counseling: I I -The Indecisive Client. The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 60(8), 496–500. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2164 - 4918.1982.tb00703.x
Salovey, P., Bedell, B. T., Detweiler, J. B., and Mayer, J. D. (2000). "Current directions in emotional intelligence research," in Handbook of Emotions, eds M. Lewis and J. M. Haviland-Jones (New York, NY: Guilford Press), 504–520.
Savickas, M. L. (1997). Career adaptability: An integrative construct for life-span, life-space theory. The Career Development Quarterly, 45(3), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.1997.tb00469.x.
Savickas, M. L., & Porfeli, E. J. (2012). The career adapt-abilities scale: Construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 744–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.011.
Sidiropoulou-Dimakakou, D., Mylonas, K., Argyropoulou, K., & Tampouri, S. (2012). Career Decision-making Difficulties, Dysfunctional Thinking and Generalized Self-Efficacy of University Students in Greece. World Journal of Education, 2, 117–130.
Slaney, R. B. (1988). The assessment of career decision making. In Contemporary topics in vocational psychology. Career decision making (pp. 33 –76). Hillsdale, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1988-98154-002
Valach, L., Young, R. A., Lynam, M. J. (1996). Family Health- promotion Projects: An Action-theoretical Perspective. Journal of Health Psychology, 1(1), 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910539600100105
Willner, T., Gati, I., & Guan, Y. (2015). Career decision-making profiles and career decision-making difficulties: A cross-cultural comparison among US, Israeli, and Chinese samples. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 88, 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.03.007
Wong, C. S., & Law, K. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 243–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00099-1
Yunia, S. A. P., Liyanovitasari, L., & Saparwati, M. (2019). Hubungan kecerdasan emosional dengan kenakalan remaja pada siswa. Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan Jiwa, 2(1), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.32584/jikj.v2i1.296
Authors
Zamira, T., & Suharso, P. L. (2024). Goal Commitment as Mediator of Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Career Decision Difficulties among Vocational High School Students. Jurnal Kajian Bimbingan Dan Konseling, 9(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.17977/um001v9i12024p36-46
Copyright (c) 2024 Thalia Zamira, Puji Lestari Suharso
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