Beyond the Numerator: Visualizing the Equal Partitioning Barrier in Elementary Fraction Learning
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17977/um009v35i12026p148-163Keywords:
equal partitioning, counting schema, fraction misconception, magnitude schema, visual representation, prinsip pembagian yang sama besar, miskonsepsi pecahan, representasi visual, skema penalaran diskrit, skema penalaran kontinuAbstract
Abstract: Understanding fractions remains a persistent challenge for elementary students, particularly when translating verbal mathematical problems into visual representations. This study aims to analyze the visual-conceptual difficulties of elementary school students in understanding fractions, specifically the principles of equal partitions and equivalence fraction, through visual representations. Using a thematic content analysis within a descriptive qualitative design, six fifth-grade students were selected based on their mathematical representation skills. Instruments included an illustrated diagnostic test (6 figures) and semi-structured interviews. The results reveal that the majority of students exhibited significant misconceptions rooted not in an inability to see differences, but in a "counting schema". They defined fractions solely by counting shaded parts versus total parts, ignoring the requirement of equal area. Specifically, students failed to apply the equal partition principle to disproportionate images, made systematic denominator errors due to excessive focus on the numerator, and showed rigidity in recognizing equivalent fractions (e.g., rejecting 2/6 the same as 1/3). These findings confirm that a discrete (counting) rather than continuous (measuring) reasoning schema acts as a significant conceptual barrier. Therefore, this study recommends non-prototypical and dynamic visual training that explicitly disrupts the counting habit and forces students to verify equal partitioning before labeling a fraction.
Abstrak: Memahami pecahan masih menjadi tantangan bagi siswa sekolah dasar, terutama saat mengubah soal matematika lisan menjadi representasi visual. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kesulitan visual-konseptual yang dialami siswa sekolah dasar dalam memahami pecahan, khususnya prinsip pembagian yang sama besar dan pecahan senilai, melalui representasi visual. Dengan menggunakan analisis tematik dalam kerangka desain kualitatif deskriptif, enam siswa kelas lima dipilih berdasarkan kemampuan mereka dalam merepresentasikan konsep matematika. Instrumen yang digunakan meliputi tes diagnostik bergambar (6 gambar) dan wawancara semi-terstruktur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar siswa menunjukkan kesalahpahaman yang signifikan, bukan disebabkan oleh ketidakmampuan untuk melihat perbedaan, melainkan karena "skema penghitungan". Mereka mendefinisikan pecahan semata-mata dengan menghitung bagian yang diarsir dibandingkan dengan jumlah keseluruhan bagian, tanpa memperhatikan syarat luas bagian yang sama besar. Secara spesifik, siswa gagal menerapkan prinsip pembagian yang sama besar pada gambar yang tidak proporsional, membuat kesalahan dalam menentukan penyebut karena cenderung fokus pada pembilang, dan menunjukkan kekakuan dalam mengenali pecahan yang senilai (seperti, menolak 2/6 sama dengan 1/3). Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa skema penalaran diskrit (penghitungan) —bukan skema penalaran kontinu (pengukuran)— menjadi sebagai hambatan konseptual yang signifikan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini merekomendasikan pelatihan visual yang tidak prototipikal dan dinamis, yang secara eksplisit mengurangi kebiasaan menghitung bagian dan memaksa siswa untuk memverifikasi pembagian yang sama sebelum memberi label pada suatu pecahan.
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